The Central Dogma

The central dogma of modern biology is the conversion of the genetic message
in DNA to a functional mRNA (transcription) and subsequent conversion of
the copied genotype to a phenotype in the form of proteins.
The process of conversion of mRNA to a functional protein is known as

Equipments Laboratory Methods

(a) General Comments. Keep the equipment in good working condition. Don't
use anything (any instrument) unless you have been instructed in its
proper use. Report any malfunction immediately. Rinse out all centrifuge
rotors after use, in particular if anything spills.

Disposal of Buffers and Chemicals Laboratory Methods

(i) Any uncontaminated, solidified agar or agarose should be discarded in the
trash, not in the sink, and the bottles rinsed well.
(ii) Any media that becomes contaminated should be promptly autoclaved
before discarding it. Petri dishes and other biological waste should be discarded

in biohazard containers, which will be autoclaved prior to disposal.

Preparation of Solutions Laboratory Methods

a) Calculation of Molar, %, and "X" Solutionsi) A molar solution is one in which 1 liter of solution contains the number

of grams equal to its molecular weight.

ii) Percent solutions w/v) = weight (g) in 100 mL of solutionv/v) = volume (mL) in 100 mL of solution.iii) "X" solutions. Many enzyme buffers are prepared as concentrated solutions,mL, one would addmL of a 10 X buffer, the other reaction components, and water formL.b) Preparation of Working Solutions from Concentrated Stock Solutions. Many buffersi × Vi = Cf × Vf,i = initial concentration, or concentration of stock solutioni = initial volume, or amount of stock solution neededf = final concentration, or concentration of desired solutionf = final volume, or volume of desired solution.

Example. To make up 100 mL of a 5M NaCl solution = 58.456 (mw of

NaCl) g × 5 moles × 0.1 liter = 29.29 g in 100 mL sol mole liter.

(

Safety Procedures Laboratory Methods

(a) Chemicals. A number of chemicals used in the laboratory are hazardous.
All manufacturers of hazardous materials are required by law to supply the user with pertinent information on any hazards associated with their